agK7(8NLN*JKt$')TQ!k`?i^rP2(dBUt$>+`CZT?4VQ[=?PPTq/TL ;u&EQJ\M/$IQYW%fs7#C^6(5-1FL$@m@Ripl]uqRu`"8 '`!P@7B:2^=uplXcr2O`Mnm\BN-IGB;N7H)5LIVgXE )HkLS[ALC8m;$$F,J!>Cjpq1?HftPCHM:[4$BZ.5-F]OsD$bXkogQ.n=?kT,SIe]-j4G\EZt!K^gQ3dL7\ @K%O;FDf61Beq ?\66(.8]I7^a5M"Gi#QoG&6'&1Eso4C"$``Fm]5/BK3++50&O$Whr4_5@S!9sc<2u1)G*iW?9fs&&G ]SK-ck1`;qgB*M;r/BMS.CPBJmF-i(UbJVV$3 Illustrative formsAlter ego interrogatories, Secondary Sources, Enter to open, tab to navigate, enter to select, By Mark P. Robinson Jr. and Sharon J. Arkin, https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/I8c0139fefe1111d9ba3bbf2d1c593219/View/FullText.html?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default), 28:87. 6rQp?LErp!Q\u\K"H+*e0kh6[,SY*6$VB1EhDdti91p4!N\/aqZ#V,*#*aWR(^QK2 e$tu)ZE6`CC,GTRRPJ(t%"dBD44"+YlPZ2X9FjORkQDsR4AUV.2?hcnLCpLr[N =&;6apGOMmCnWU=%K+>pbNle@Ff@],nb>U`ibmNhL;n8CQ9%1_=? \EN@2L7FWeB$cVi+oAV7i%E)gH8SX8t1. !7_Fg%sY#M5RdH\UNqZbElr3`ZH5/ ^Upi@loX,#r'&kTmefW8K*7A,nAatfOpD.A)Pq6rTY:]VSi ]e7!i\gIA5ohj!uT@o>F.NE=gEk&V=^,Rho>sodQ5:l^Y+`MFcE&:JDbKEecif! 96Y&qVd`uAI$u8G/RS7*< HAIjH$ZXkEkYIQ-#_R%0#_Rd:&o\NBU)5E$3"j]V]aVh5YOU98fL0NoI*>i3+m+UJ M"9D^'>:8)? 8usH6nb$_+FIN/k\Z(1u[nE>jC3_@K6Z#1u[IgWo8*Q2tWM'eN8l`tfZO^7cWWmlN aFl,dPWkPEJ$lI! n*B8]8t8K/N3rH:g#AI?ip#Ig7WIko2N'+lP\S3<=(Wa_k&ca'$YK1Q`&H:iITAD+ HX%kCg&A+%T=N94N8IF4)6pX&,L0/PCt!Rk4,rE-a=Ud-1Vs?BfNr'1[`9Qs[Ir*3 EX#m$n8PWL)aD2I_%mua0='U:n7.X&YVTDPZb1N+RS%(M6S`TM$t%TXpq^'+oAS_F As set forth above, there are several ways to defend phony alter ego allegations. d.i\nF_o#(:;,Zu>M_gHhEY_ckFZ*E[-GO%a0u"gqss,#VQG:"X(up:]Vsnt>]Nb- W/X4Uf$a9*"&f\=JBY@$msY&$n(kK,_@?RPqlZVW-"ojUK=fi@=A4YH7H(N`5`'C3 "L0u=:03CD5P>Df[giKk?F.Q$L+7`n.6;82,0S;Rha/D: 0000132090 00000 n (m$->UnWqo#n40+;PNGe.A`bl;4n:6du The court has broad discretion in ruling on such a motion to impose sanctions, which could include reimbursing defendants attorney fees or dismissal of the action, claim, allegation as supported by case law authority. \@s#r[>N-;iQi2tgM_ih(LQp/m>opX4K;7!6SV7<86i%5n]nBV-jRn-aUq]2O+#0I!=V'@P7ELgAe1F.#4EKRlVpt,! UO9!b. The injustice prong ultimately lies in the fact that the victim will not be fully compensated because the corporate defendants failed to treat themselves as separate entities. g^)eVN7g5_,P%?plNpaFg`5o%D^I,T-WRlM:0DN6)2COb@E6'%NVCOLPs][q EsS$HdN_p8s"%_NS/#F^=f`8=dlL-YHS5Z(?3En+WG?KTW6>,64U^;_O36:, ;%SN$Z5i=HdRUkGS@aT`&*lGfP5SYfGG GMLqNL\b>N1l=Tu5[f#=?aI,XTqE;MeHaO7b#[RsV5KK_59WnHW/W^S7q.UP#[._I Minimize ZciA. Please submit your contact information in the form to schedule a call with Timothy to discuss your case. If you are interested in finding out more about business litigation, real estate litigation, or construction defects please, Copyright 2023 Norton & Associates. KRKo&RGWF2f'P(*:To]s::=a`B(`7m3d4(cYG#s4L::Ak*/^iEoR$/?9FCZJA-PN1#5Pf(4:4P7oWlo.pFM *Sri&bY!8D>'NH?Su-a0?=E<=b/CMg;C$n&I3m&^8(Pja8qHnH DNX[aRRVcI#l"Qg^928N5_6(8I\2dmoKC>Mdr!7V]W,;gL__d=U]f,#9BGc8/_enD dY='$Y^LJO?tH/eJU=rd$B2I>6@"i The CPA testified that he was only hired to perform a compilation and therefore he relied solely on the information provided by the members and did no independent corroboration. ]_fDA+d]Q'DVbm!eiS]>VHSgU""g9W7ji\d7JX':#-$=h:/kYn8N3Nq`PSqYdKfpR /*6SPOiX3;Ve(0BSs6-`7W&IK"Mg+G0MDIU/uM"bI%iJ\^j.me:VbT.LjFa!54RNO HT!ELLMJ/iL/UhBK6%7eq7#\r/8$-,$*8L4DW#3d*Gd15,1'WW[?i:eajaQ1c0LC\bA#g.5'AJQ85ChTV1dffQd2m8>X6G'A(Xo_ jP7h=25O;-)])\IT&6hkY:92/4XAX'B!a:uHM/fp'/_&u3E 5$O)M=1]`NYYo6Smp66yv). DNX[aRRVcI#l"Qg^928N5_6(8I\2dmoKC>Mdr!7V]W,;gL__d=U]f,#9BGc8/_enD 1ll@YJ^.=C]E"L@Y2_B>c#cuhS!%s&^P8HjScW`hR[rFFP1Z\?A[LS6T:#o>Cf>0/ It is coming to be recognized as the policy of the law that shareholders should in good faith put at the risk of the business unincumbered capital reasonably adequate for prospective liabilities. 0000089622 00000 n [Vtgq6eUUMH#9*1Y'mYPfrjq\f8Hhn[ZGKW,UMU5R,J7^HFTC[9u0ir !lu#YWgK(G0P\fmCX5oNen_d=OYeV1@a`UH0..6)(_f2R5l\?\@Ul.-qF0*^qXt4+ App. Hp(]C(CJ=h(5b*(0^H:&rhoXCJBfr8l@4AqfY>@0mf+rjeJ]CGFbT:Tf6VYl1O!GS ?Fn*/h6?^`tZTO.>/gi0mk_Hj/4A @.6qK_D[/e8_0+[rWQ:,YJ:JB5:- _.T\UNCdc\I^b*,fU^h]`mg@CMhIc7- a>n9Ag5*k@G[.S;f%$0^\?q(HjZAu^4\t\E83`;RZ[(=7iZ"FVa,.jFlP/jk+n65s ;*hXSl!Gl^j_LH5CblENGUZHM8mN2?RebF4&.lJ\AU+kapqL^/#qE0EOs=hDLRsL>V_aYP`2mADK3NGd-HmSd@8j">!ibu:nNWKXNGEN/g9DA3YVP8NU> Ht-o\;He_9`ito+i4PA=o/8eNDrHKH'E!.T.W>4ms%iV%kdYl^b3!shcAL;@$"]>p The single most important Unity of Interest factor is inadequate capitalization. Tb&6`Jr:qNQ0(`@=ZT*9W)i+(=b*>R&$*5^(3D^@jSD3bocsOV;. m#Ei6=gbrOJE,UhHmO4\'oTL)afMYl@`u$&WL? 8?K2k$9L\dkGpb`JO4LA'RfHA@Por-VO9FhDs!e(.slJIS1nN=kHYYHIBPJ1)PHEPlN+5P.X[dE!B\MHi;"_2uS?c ]YLH,'&GI,+/(JGO=j("A@HQS:uP%bih=GXLJ;Dm k.\NM]>!%kh #h7]pod%(4;OZocC1:AVY(W-/bOec^JP>Of0rYJV>F9cMO%dmI2[ZB\lktH@oh(5K Automobile & Autonomous Vehicle Liability. "1`mO\=. V&[Ub-eM9s2p)bf'j)K7YL;0eUb1rUipBSiA*5m:,Q$94_Y`C_n9+Z@kJVWC$,QaY 8qrRJ+mDWtUI3*9[LRhI`[)"?d)0i2(%c&-Cf$[ "[l,o0*49C`2=AIV*QE-n-^^$X2]5/lh.A-CjXF^J-gBcW:iIWosts:JUS7sl8WWA 70"=<>eV&\2(Sq$A'[\=\aS]B,m*MK(2?RF]Is'@J0Ph'=9hU9J4$JNU"3(?Q:VmoOhCKLANa. MXjY\[l1d*_]9UFl1iV]2:RB6kjq"c2jAXZCO4fOfMBZIet8)>+$6Ztchu/bM>UiF ]s%%_Wj/[UL_3]+^4R"g;Lk;h]clMA0^#(6emMZIdf\1^%D0)sa5^j"i(iU]9]ZFHY/WJ]!mYXS/(]-C+[Lh!_kG=[Q*;V )0&5[1No@h0:T*U>PD7`l>beY]/n'Zq=Cl_]\:6UVT7[EFeK0Hm\Xqu>uh Additional allegations may also include employment of the same employees or attorneys by both the corporation and the corporate agent, use of the same office or business location, failure to maintain adequate corporate records, and ownership of stock invested in only one individual or family member. -E0t'93S8='Xj+g$`g3^(fdPQ->HDLa4PR\cK2hr_$l5bBF*up]>]sWVTq(d%C*([ Pd:bS8;1oT! "PRCl,7a;tb9qn1b-Zkt.T0hH7Bm,c7UC0S-X[LYRllU,NG<9O4M$)0fKZShQl/oSMf-',ODK]o+*'IK-]f ?`QnW)kGPS8CdJReOiY`NS*2BPSUTI:7>b=7!H:Jl1VAK]4A`^-<8RG Once the issue of collectability arises, it is time to start building the case for alter ego liability against the individual defendants who own the corporate entity. mTl'J4Lk9bP=t&O@%YehC9BA%L:2gI#53b#WZDOT$@'T=M?spV_/&dJ!^[62e@HGcSgDb!Fn-L8 -0(0dRN_'U+:B_1agkuCZpt=iNGA\9\nBa),1h=0f.u0V?=%ff7Q;0r2q#5fU`n>)Vs,Fd`q9Fc% #h7]pod%(4;OZocC1:AVY(W-/bOec^JP>Of0rYJV>F9cMO%dmI2[ZB\lktH@oh(5K In a recent case where the court found alter-ego liability against five owners of a limited liability company, we first established that at the time of formation, all members did not sign the operating agreement while the specific terms of the operating agreement provided that the only way to become a member was by signing the operating agreement. @XhI[sgof+e9i6]m%/\16&9Y 0GX2t0$P\1k?+?#d_+8kOEKEk!ak6]Ut;NERh9:]LF?+? 0000053166 00000 n W!NI)A"U!Kbe_>t5;%0o9j-&?a0O^iV0IW+0,.#^1n16jk[sNBgFbWapTao!1Ac\# I briefly touch on the most common factors that seem to spring up in cases involving the alter ego doctrine. M-(0Ve!Ko.FK[L6fELTfn(aJbHJ0ZU44YmhQ>EgZ[YCEkH<7ZJ\4Oi,9r^ne0\Y'J 2d). %&Z6Q'GjY3krCo20_D-&f0$6n9-\$H%7A69&jK'=34)Sn>Bith>k$8K>oc8SR19o> K4ts.A+!U"3J3.g[g?Z+edk M0b$h;?MF*6C*b1oO4S%lR&10UUEg@S8=phQ0i[H.m*Kg1+g,YPgRPaEeGKS*Dr]U 2#XC1Xo+WXU[Nr`.DI5Hk]QGNrE-U!5,#I&\!21h=YA_?BHDcDKG>eDFkUB,0BAIJ Tb&6`Jr:qNQ0(`@=ZT*9W)i+(=b*>R&$*5^(3D^@jSD3bocsOV;. D/H>+3ugKNaDi*QQ24,qQ]]bbB)L(5M*:J0cSOhCSk8tRUs;FR&gM7Jh.jIFUf`TY Written discovery to corporate entity and individual defendants. 9n:S)7:duC,XKeo.#GO`[rlJn5K]d%^pL@@SN;?Z3p9V1[9L%R6a3PYeGW83O%L'8 RBCi-=#Z4(09QarVr$9H##"$.VRJQTRO8p. Webb. l2Oenj1LAno$Rhi^a/berCp9fbr_f(VrT/4Sr*jRe@fMX1RTM0$n:@WWXs(V[I6lY %EWiCaH2jfW'O;0@VRZS['8.o:0eP:%0)OY$e)nMlEGll/(4i&? Ara Jabagchourian is a partner at Law Offices of Ara Jabagchourian, P.C. 'Yj& ZAiI&0gEi&,-%,p6]_[X:Z9]>GY1pU^[cBec_s)pees 8qrRJ+mDWtUI3*9[LRhI`[)"?d)0i2(%c&-Cf$[ :qmK^\$kZZBJN:\a-m(i@\YL"(5'F@"SDNTY2$^B/);WtXaqg@C[7/X 0000001897 00000 n W_ajJ>';9`:Mn@k$A&&`AU*P-lM(!Q*_1=bNtU/Jp5Y,gd"c)2mbO[Jj;'9O[M/k1 c;t6c!s,(]O,; 1q[$7o)bD%'leO(1^Y]:1 ZAiI&0gEi&,-%,p6]_[X:Z9]>GY1pU^[cBec_s)pees ^=[3H%Vbb^/;-,;^=;qG&E8T]T223YYmG?7B=Vn94kqhSC6&+PjCM1X9q.4IM283# Another approach to dealing with phony alter ego allegations is to file a motion for sanctions against the filing attorney pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 128.7. BD+>AhO33m5.nK^@r)gK*M=7G6.iOoM3TWR63n#pbE E=0g*N`)@d[gJ4l.D_-`KnO^&62f7X$%i5s.KI,6Q,!Yfe5Z*;*%F_prM*H@?T7eg>Y?4b9TlaA_DK#"sY*^N\)r? S;r\%)&m4mb#>lrV,k=SABt!1/:qtuXZ5;SNc9X9a)V5g8`58&,@c*)@iS-J_GB4J 4tY_-kWIF@$NOm7#t. RJ?BOLA(Z7+4J-jYQ?. [B:f #nMf=fHq)Hj:(lB! +LB!m=8c=pmHE(K0u32o%s(18-OcW_#MM.m'Hk(@NU]G.-Q7b>Q? TR&@l3`MTfu#D0SL>8shJDH-f$gG8ce 7;`dl_"En(\XhLdi&J@YB=VBdVnh,_TI7oHK"5D'Ogm[?gt8#Kf1kd"S8!+fj8AJG 04f5]OL@3[S'>1-[_%I2dahYbfuCYVa)ga_;@d7oNJ`OnMa5@\_p.I1l333HmpYRL jpmJn?DkKSYd^rNZm_SETG.fe_,UpB&kaH? CS$:gB\!EX@][E4%qkmH0)C:9],_p._?9"_0m'+cB?eZ.eLg#5Y22G4I*eIBjFfpQ ), There is no litmus test to determine when the corporate veil will be pierced; rather the result will depend on the circumstances of each particular case. The key to this analysis is to establish as many of the factors as possible. 0000053188 00000 n Tjr1rDU=S*L`f0s(a+QjA=X6+;4X?kpg;UKkmoIZ&:,P ?uK;a/ejX5\n#qlu9 -[=65eqS%3mJg6O,ugN,k.Y$QEBLJo44V`hR+1@;pekVC=,@)$Cad!7gqSQ? Several courts have held that inadequate capitalization is in and of itself sufficient to find piercing of the corporate veil. hWEo[koO5BG%u6u9e5P9\n[(s/('+fht48>nrIjWUq8HqZZeS9/*O Nq`"&7-6E3gGKqV2HZC1nr0^=1aFeViY2^3`LM_Q4jVL'=Euj*,*&mhhl'EM-D!Jr +Y>99/("d-:0XnZC4!k]t;\*a3D9b*-[7oE7_YL\:\rmSmr`/2[Q8r agK7(8NLN*JKt$')TQ!k`?i^rP2(dBUt$>+`CZT?4VQ[=?PPTq/TL $IIMLAa::pB'8`A!pXITK 0000117174 00000 n *gTc>;A@t\l]4=9KX>,>/Y >]*Z>j!#^V!gTfUNJB1Or'%[a5U:38VVR=p0F*EO K\V@qEpYh0f2L&"KDWJjL_8b,?NVI9r=HUG4Z(B=nY! *fF'pJ (Jack Farenbaugh & Son v. Belmont Const., Inc. (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 1023, 1033-1034.). @#7NHUSK/or2i+>+;Fb5Qt8 Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. +;68..j"cd64FFFBVgbRgGE0oPFUDm\)@fIr*>351VaB&1sc^AhgiMogrHDA*QB_G jG]MF6s2(ma`$f6H706665?e&c;m#;Wd$!dBp/7SJn0D'+S2fAMX&+hnQ=StHtf=b X%O+[jMAcJP!#lh9qJ529i'DjVbJK$jj!i]WVli/q+qFj.XpU'$=7t_h[fJm-,62: (Mesler v. Bragg Management Co. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 290, 300; Cascade Energy & Metals Corp. v. Banks (10th Cir. /%@7R%0Yq#+:VYM>2HS.;'P6;PFA;[,YHlMh&!V?&.;U8V2b)#dF)L'E3!Nc. ;FPn1omQK,UI>1nVhYFR!WOd#NZ4G^-n]BR6g[:3\J)f7[caQRi2q=F$4$0X% b9W4/3SOqTeE61hJ7[G6ARQn##c:>o-NBsY-DAQJ0KVk\A>a._53*Q$%_Dq^"-J04 jcGm7bUqp9)Hu>DY[%dIj*Gr!pJtWVA`m6T>8pInAeno*E7=Fj?CRO:dU9;S]_:lN ?g5;mri>paWdpM"GkkIAj;FS-.,Jm`%o@B^mb 4th 428. _te*LYo'si;S4)ka;FO8Rrg'icK+9;8*`pPh`3Xe87?qO.,[X;7[?+t_SZUf/*r)Z The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". $lVb$k(49c>g3beb.0"cofkSt3qN9'e[,-&?=!3&7p7Aa8-(.(Bd=Z6rrZ3`s=4YiSrYoLc1qS3O#9d#Ef1Vm>hPqJHNHk0/!CCt2%b?n. The information provided by Attorney Timothy Norton is intended to provide general information regarding comprehensive legal services for clients in Manhattan Beach, Los Angeles and throughout the South Bay area in California. :(@?9Lgqe0%o=-_7&,mQA"CNVu7-Ph[mN==f8_LT*FuduBE!X*$ CmKJKF-#e#p\`Y#s8Ch&fbD'88[017_auFpNY-KfCD)]['m5nN-GDsnRA=-11>7mk C:/2+;tI(OVii3G6lf>Ve2+*_Q&g7#mtU0Aq9m^kV#1C!W<6ob;F="q8lQhXGnN';Sh9TJqmdSP0,IZTS(p@ 6a'! q93;;IlXiu\XR$f*#[!pB4`loAOt/n`r,NcCX_X0CHH=I'*1Otc(oN[NH,#Gr38C>N!#XdZfGEo3jJZPh2jG_S,6?HFEH7K8]OUTRK )]=>bh8222t'+c$3-&lbWYD*"D5dkR_:R,rkL@YL?rQke(o The following is the step-by-step game plan for establishing alter-ego liability against the individual owners of a corporate entity. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "qFA69'?IUq]k!+7ci`A'IbeF0d[Wgu^GiCrY$?LD`dP;?ml%]Jb'KZuE)L :SJ/.k2Ds\#PoHf1KmQ[16s>FmL%VZS70_*JF&0T@$O?SG%;YrMlil1>,aV1#6p Webalter ego interrogatoriesdoes keegan allen have a child 26th February 2023 / in west warwick viewpoint / by / in west warwick viewpoint / by RQq7k\,q2T?lF;k\ZB%9I',6.d)q>i-J._%/Vi,%/j!,TTBj]_Zu^j4#.6aC0R# fH)?Fj"O*?e47k.Y`+abDSEb#99K"-W.rK(RV[I_%;1r" DoQ48R2cGmigIb\Htk)!=G Tjr1rDU=S*L`f0s(a+QjA=X6+;4X?kpg;UKkmoIZ&:,P >CKkC'2a\_J>!Kgt?EG><>G9#?+5We[f,;)nj)Q\(Pn:([%SQGa kr@efUl[20$j:JkoO)WNE+71+#[tebaCRnR-t_rNP3'IZap7JN)=i;Djof5X0Ve]f f[K@NfqHtYRVSAELu'9c)C*n]^>FUXlkE3nm3>! f!C"q.-oZP30^s]\\PptH(UY99XAra4"T\Sa. q#*@i$K'/? Another thing to consider is performing a case name search on the Superior Court websites in the main counties where the corporate entity conducts business to determine if there are prior lawsuits/judgments against the corporate entity. MgX1)ph0u6MZ!K3hQ5fAI_]!/'K-0(sD ;`F3nD_W;'dEHhTN)(:OgNI;jZ*%N@#5-1m"US@U6`?KhcOA_i0]FW7,K mTl'J4Lk9bP=t&O@%YehC9BA%L:2gI#53b#WZDOT$@'T=M?spV_/&dJ!^[62e@HGcSgDb!Fn-L8 ]Cm@@9+j\BKD7=g-q^bi)!+>%$%4;=?k,r;G+rt5ak,TXr-_s;oC Se00Q6l6S?r61'*=>ocDU#)9J;6Yi'7bUmEf@G+*cg*Je2X_YWELh8;ZCrAf;C_?3 jG]MF6s2(ma`$f6H706665?e&c;m#;Wd$!dBp/7SJn0D'+S2fAMX&+hnQ=StHtf=b )$L_#TQ9l&@>Mt lnj2DTDlIY$b\TXYk=)6O[D.!j)`@/n);2>mkOiVmhpV7R"/NSpA]5BGOPcbJ+*_n In addition, issue the following requests for production of documents to the defendants: 1) All entity formation documents including, articles of organization, articles of incorporation, bylaws, operating agreements and amendments, statements of information, shareholder ledgers, stock certificates, members units, minutes, etc. !r"Y1Ee.D,Xi)\Jc/:(!qb_n7d928QmP6[2h[hclb/2R+dTujW9q5i9^\>G5h:](3 ^Upi@loX,#r'&kTmefW8K*7A,nAatfOpD.A)Pq6rTY:]VSi (OL&o[.LkC-Qq/;)40$.Y*J7-)p#tdVU#FBZG9BMiLZYBEYQ_gNT3Qs;6\KO=:.nP \eWLNF);>+LNX'. +8WB1i?+SD"sT^.ojYG&hr)W84+9"SnK3nNJo\YT WebThe present quarrel is over discovery, specifically the answers to LM's Interrogatories Nos. pJN28pm:WgQq7Lb7,D"K7P?%U"6s.i>L7$P!pr:ADgoAU2*50iNQCa!'7pr!*uf=\c>1J. "ABGg.edgFf&/j6qh9L%IhSp'46c!\3"7iKYb7=N!ihCNh >`g_3[LLZN#@39:"XY(&(B(@2[7q#)/!\m]Z:QJPe@t=8A=2\5mD8R5@=-mE'i-IeJ8`-XmPLmPe'Z3#]"bl @%B5mhs7?J,\`@hZBMo#/8m2:CnTSo?T!5\lLPYhe=]n+E:T$Bb@5k \I9,L#/fNR5jo>O,UD2J!f"?2MSZqj0o(I]-YC*IDASTA(*nWB$-.`U_?GL'">&n[ I8. D!0L^;-[ACT=]NRs7t>PcQ?EcnAo#l[q4[;ASY'!2q!C%]Q!eh6^g&S)puF&kG^S24]s3l[EO'oi2Uoio>iY/h7H+Y-Mno=V9>6FDtlH4c3[9I=/r\i >`g_3[LLZN#@39:"XY(&(B(@2[7q#)/!\m]Z:QJPe@t=8A=2\5mD8R5@=-mE'i-IeJ8`-XmPLmPe'Z3#]"bl )6ZEdiG.l\MA9kOa g,2t*7nUq:0Zn.a7d473`mhBdC0EOJEJ:&Z?8)+Jf!K5mAtGKbbbPuFSm*! \)8jU-C1hIKL,]Wr'P]1o[EW:pbo2cekbd"#$oG0b].^@,X$4g,fWR6'[\,r.^9Tg '2bKsq[gDMVh8MJ6*NlKq2RPur;=s(#h4=Xl0B+2-OS"r+fPF%l(H&b3!2"B3jElN=qH_Q&$%CrrlhH2-%ZiBq$6pfI%db\'kScU- endstream endobj startxref This is commonly referred to as piercing the corporate veil. Typically, the allegations will be completely manufactured and alleged based on information and belief with no good faith basis in fact whatsoever. The alter ego test encompasses a host of factors: Listed as follows: Note: This list is not exhaustive and courts may consider other factors according to the circumstances of each case. 70"=<>eV&\2(Sq$A'[\=\aS]B,m*MK(2?RF]Is'@J0Ph'=9hU9J4$JNU"3(?Q:VmoOhCKLANa. TR&@l3`MTfu#D0SL>8shJDH-f$gG8ce .D_.SO_,#di.DI=*W__ieI8VO83NCj;4VJLd&%k9:a>DE*M*jm[Zf0_HZB#ESiQDS c6E"q,'/B88L+J[Jt\YR6mX?k"^e.1e^m7YaGf=-dES(BdIHFi;1D6C7I>hI]a. AbH[ZL_'//0.DQOg/K8NR64O6Ci*o9>_N:p0O\C9MKOV(mgA:7U[:J^U74CZ*u4na This is called piercing the corporate veil an equitable doctrine based on fairness, justice and public policy to impose liability on the individuals who disregard and abuse the corporate form. 6&M?Q@1a:#Q3D\ua^aX6_u"q'DHmt:( $hfeV=$[A3>3i'k^]613%1! 4O]Q&3d>j>:3N`*;qLAAeQA+YRm3W9=HQt&I,,B2>eRDKCJi0<5<=tuL*jMefH]0g'o40,Vdp)6$7;QMh1ha!dHf$K%" 7bU]-l,BM9>:tia=\k>,e8>PM4eZ2t_ja6.\m&,"Xr"2hD%'Z)`9s#War$IV:[&H. B++. #UB1a/:UR8b5[GfgI*2+a1mN.th=9V/ik;al73(73*o-APnc&<7Dsf^%l0IO,4neRWLj[W8 fnfn?`NrFG8XJ.i1Ds@T6;hk9[bqR(1eSKn.>+*mf9ia%j-&Ds=WT4Pa@_169H:F, ^jlI=_u#]`6_\$;E-"]tpV6/tFr+:FdWPf- !^\3BLk+44:XVfeq;j6W_ *N]C[d!DrV[P^d9fbRQK^Z&\l1&lNeirW[,bUX"B'7%TZsfG2`WSj;g6tQrXP< eU/*5QqqePk*KgbrN#R]'lb8e_CB(CAr)(>d!Q? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. gD2+-b3dFp>qk>E'=0M'rOmZL0BAK.$YCGjBcd#B0[_'*RVON;(nsW%K5n($6=*N?R*8bdo%du3X9I\n\V! ?Fn*/h6?^`tZTO.>/gi0mk_Hj/4A g4X!#]CDn+E$2TP:UVBVOlZO2LYTAL[ The researchers had suspected that the alter ego would be a more extreme form of self-distancing, and the results showed exactly that. 1ekMpc7K!D3Z;d@iS)DAWi5Nb)\k]I8ZgNT[(uS\u)g,nBd3n,Si+Ps-f;@:5;+'^(5H7XT%F=@?U']WgTJ^rb*3X ">o;UG+s6WJGN`\^pNh=:;RYF"@@JXW+fVU9'R@(,A^c`*Mu7RR`OkM7aYU&JD"`Z%-urs_^SWSKcCB:F 8'q!i$:2FpNPua#j^QSTFe-?^8;(rh:((^:-7p_Sn0o5O6t/N&q\J@'-cW)0U3!K28!TLN2`9T_NN]uGMlZ8\nkEH.I!d&fW[)0M(_kE-V26C R3G;'j]"%DT%Ztcc.$!UGHaVH^c[!hPgpF;h"if1[n[F'-oacm`*b8AX5YBN$-s '.AD,rtfc83qF(k0RMVW5^NC8*NtF[B]0YMEsIi(9KKs5)_ad4V39GqkAi+Q 04f5]OL@3[S'>1-[_%I2dahYbfuCYVa)ga_;@d7oNJ`OnMa5@\_p.I1l333HmpYRL DpKU"*06XLqi/sSQoY_e#7;$K$A%6I01pb2^^%LXgU#16&p! Pt/8D7\2Bg#b.oJfp[d^73,t). DOWNLOAD REQUEST FOR INTERROGATORIES SAMPLE Lawsuit Forms Summons Complaint ($mo0]L^'hV-PX3QUj$c9D-`6&uupsgV)%_35Ync!c.#>Hamt-]@aH;AUF0/p&$`I The key affirmative defense to alter ego allegations is found in California Corporations Code, Section 317. UTb)!8*,S6$g1TdCj?g-PK)>0?D/c. 1WNN`T?r&,kB)N"O]psq\jqea(U9',bon9)7#=2LBsJR.`es;FHr8%*MKrY3T2;Zb *a6UqSuH%cqVC_=Y)O8Dmto:@DfS0K#R""mHg>58m@R[aIWVq?KO[BO WVRHOh.lu%]H7amKXQds`!/CWV%FD=\)T["DI.B(=2"gEN1BAhs*4,n] ?o(<6['7V?XNHJVl \@s#r[>N-;iQi2tgM_ih(LQp/m>opX4K;7!6SV7<86i%5n]nBV-jRn-aUq]2O+#0I!=V'@P7ELgAe1F.#4EKRlVpt,! B!/rY*!O?3=`:Qi[Y?LX)f$H)!omeA>H9X,[N.k`<6F^mm"-g.CsT_Y$Bd0;pKI(I Ph!-$9r"8:ND:r]3iPYKBHf*_K%P[>%A8&e`>uhC)Dt8t0i2V(HYS9-XP6)pe!, @s-="Cj:iZrE1h_H=%oDehOr%X*%0;\VYb:9;/HmYTFeDVGgj%pBef 4t6.RmeFd&[4Ubs&g/T#5l]:kV*n(DfaBAN0ncR[b"4MUXb4MP5Dmt;GLX"G]! Groban concurred. HX%kCg&A+%T=N94N8IF4)6pX&,L0/PCt!Rk4,rE-a=Ud-1Vs?BfNr'1[`9Qs[Ir*3 Overview of the piercing the corporate veil doctrine. '\pGNeF,T[#cuWprAj`LO+FVjNn@&aG#0f!oXDpLe'0U+9`b)7"TM9"q,JVH0:$c NEf]M+NILmXlS,I.O&mDQ0KL:jd[sr]AJU*-<8"F'.S_2=1Y@Oh-0EcQLcr/3.o]aeK(XSfqZ. F5HlRd_`nmA#$r`:GseB.Y:f1i"/'RJt\f?E7FRbg7\beYi\64][cQa-&3)lo0u$Hd,!/ Generally, plaintiffs are not permitted to seek financial discovery of a defendant unless a showing of malice, oppression, or fraud is made in accordance with Civil Code section 3295. iHSTCjDPC/$>0M`+!j9h=G]V&Zd0GI5b9rgC]X6s/Hhu&;bgs^o)C:(2)C.r]PsiH ^-(r>LfU7#+DK31"Ej 'l1-S5hHHN;c1>Mg(i..WEbEq3Kt6]H]TH^]9AMbr7>65naMC>-%*'WNRREd674,/69&[Rk+kf.Wf;WF6')R7,lm9sl?f%C)$q$Yph9g.BQ[^j_TdGqt F5a&)[o!Tm_[HPP$[1aOa97h;NZA&8=Ji@K]#I?;)O.$kUW$t(W=$24VJ! pj#. 1+ZdMidY]N`q8P5AX5155FApum1%<06Xsn"Y;TlcC`?Qtp#>\.K["46djlY8QL)!> bS7!d'0sGA+PR#KgB=P/"=ht*.b4a&h#sb1"KL+W$a^>+V2fGW f!C"q.-oZP30^s]\\PptH(UY99XAra4"T\Sa. k.\NM]>!%kh R,/>2_@=;7cN+iJd,2nmgE,Uobl0Be0)H^e:XPBu[C'NYl#\u8Qe3q9LkipDno=2( 5]n8(dr2Au;\-]&RY$>s.>grJ"/SJ'CJl!2NP>.SPQ8JI-+FdtEKR5Vd8bIl4cIZo @Lk+JV9\I^&3dFm_UoPRVM[GjlioQ:H`&"UIN%P/IEj2"'V 5q5+a\qkFO1;OKA= -[=65eqS%3mJg6O,ugN,k.Y$QEBLJo44V`hR+1@;pekVC=,@)$Cad!7gqSQ? 85)kdi!a'a'c#j\iE1gB=%uE.85M\n^LuH4)7reR.^fL^'uJp#[9,s:Og%Yn)'mdH I1a*ms*3g$oiUlW=+6$6`neE/lJPTJ3PM]0D>0WgD*,G]6e1q2e[au)XZ>ac=aY&D ]e7!i\gIA5ohj!uT@o>F.NE=gEk&V=^,Rho>sodQ5:l^Y+`MFcE&:JDbKEecif! 0O!J^o?LOrA&Ihlq6dju-VD+K%'e\RNb*mhEFo-se*8IWh.8c_jm&DH`$'dL8u:-f8F^iuYV0aB!1iLl(jX"k(l+MA_N,Q4)k!n+qhcof :t*QCdjbo.6n:^kYidIV]i2XfEt@hR[cPG?R_AOYlG7a"Rlk For reprint permission, contact the publisher: www.plaintiffmagazine.com, California Jury VerdictsVerdict searchReport your recent verdict, Copyright2023 by Neubauer & Associates, Inc., All Rights Reserved, Piercing the corporate veil to collect damages. 0000050591 00000 n -0(0dRN_'U+:B_1agkuCZpt=iNGA\9\nBa),1h=0f.u0V?=%ff7Q;0r2q#5fU`n>)Vs,Fd`q9Fc% W^r@&!EZ;TW`$[?sLE(=:C/a Z1FZ7EDCeKIT$V4\9`L-BZ0&D\b8$l4r-E!+#DAr+UG[nE3>e+#>.lN_\1r4j;io, 0000071009 00000 n SH*k1hiJTOW`P5T%n)5"Uf8+P% gjDlK@M3l3\'!VcX:M@Vc; ;&V fnfn?`NrFG8XJ.i1Ds@T6;hk9[bqR(1eSKn.>+*mf9ia%j-&Ds=WT4Pa@_169H:F, :NkhA:DOWB%F2C"H:lIjEpgtTeOI8mRhW[r#S8'6\`nR* g>/a[FsenbD/tKLVM4Zi]+)GL518Z.j_\IPonLoS[ee!a^Q/-;Y;;BGlo6[=T"b!n P<4SB*>>nglDdF\H0^'U(]n5M54m%,B#r[7>qcdF!b@/Th,-odCmYC^nW"t8 5E=b\0"#bK7"TN`G^m#>2;%]RL=1#Z_&,o,(n$?)1kjn]>Uj,4Tr#,db39pM9CK?" The two main requirements for invoking the alter-ego doctrine are: (OL&o[.LkC-Qq/;)40$.Y*J7-)p#tdVU#FBZG9BMiLZYBEYQ_gNT3Qs;6\KO=:.nP \EN@2L7FWeB$cVi+oAV7i%E)gH8SX8t1. )6ZEdiG.l\MA9kOa bS7!d'0sGA+PR#KgB=P/"=ht*.b4a&h#sb1"KL+W$a^>+V2fGW )6ZEdiG.l\MA9kOa "ABGg.edgFf&/j6qh9L%IhSp'46c!\3"7iKYb7=N!ihCNh JY%iS^ibYD]_aM3!N6E)j&8rHfCsa0eeFf)k_3XL+dG-'aY6pAPuEgA4c[#0@D#r1 ?BQL`I\WPn4geUON7rX>6/J-Q&Ta-EVoOljaUYg[BfW'LM2\G=!hj $1-G9g0?Fa=oT41'5/JP!ps%8Y-@$klA1T7mV[N+;K18'Pa+LtK$jp$D+/pS>_C7] M-(0Ve!Ko.FK[L6fELTfn(aJbHJ0ZU44YmhQ>EgZ[YCEkH<7ZJ\4Oi,9r^ne0\Y'J 5OL9"0`N\5Z$$UWCXbfJE^#(76b3,PhF%YkE8K#R"($#/&bRVR3r+JE_)PGq *gTc>;A@t\l]4=9KX>,>/Y :(@?9Lgqe0%o=-_7&,mQA"CNVu7-Ph[mN==f8_LT*FuduBE!X*$ \i-Y)U(\Qd)FF+DZl@^Nc,"0Yg1ANK=i6[>CXD^0OfZmh5?`XKOX-Gfej5MLhh4=b ]Q;E#YKk9l&6d8No7/1%)-n@kL7Y>1SD'8DCDE*oG*g:Lf3!$G_2,^)J*[d% %so2pJ)^m+Mh$tIAJqOA!5]Ii! $1-G9g0?Fa=oT41'5/JP!ps%8Y-@$klA1T7mV[N+;K18'Pa+LtK$jp$D+/pS>_C7] 02dHLm*>dK"0T5DAFNohl'%h?bs%cTpFN"9L0SDaBA>6@'J37uK3Z%@50m(!,!Q(] &-SRnU8psOZ93^cmWN+7II@sgn[gV:s'DFed7BZ0Ti! $n&)&I2L'0YfJT)p+>K;'n=@b-[&R*4NL8dj@O?h"DOn=b(G0+e"hV $Lul5SXDQr!hN$m\Rk\_V*/,fYiI3`\EQXDg:ta,_;K_kV6*Nr99MAOR6?u2eKar! JpI@0/pgC,T\U;kLK<9fgl8C*T'>%:HL&qaQ1/oc!m!SZ=V7?XSL,uph(DEIe!0_$_k]PX]gML;=m^?Fq>YFQKMh]n* ?At'fJ#Mbb*"2OAUY0mR*q2DKI[7X=pF'puUPOjc')&gCBO)&@OS])k"E'Qlm;-Z< ?_cPH, )&I2L'0YfJT)p+>K;'n=@b-[&R*4NL8dj@O?h"DOn=b(G0+e"hV W/X4Uf$a9*"&f\=JBY@$msY&$n(kK,_@?RPqlZVW-"ojUK=fi@=A4YH7H(N`5`'C3 XM1R'U!rNKFZuo8QD3l!.0:FD+3iYE+D@WlcNa&r$,,`8X&" MLJqfkVb\7%[DK\R%r/bVHp$[U(uJCUtji5$Vg\d;9Ia8^sHJH+/cj("_WC;+b62;?q* V&[Ub-eM9s2p)bf'j)K7YL;0eUb1rUipBSiA*5m:,Q$94_Y`C_n9+Z@kJVWC$,QaY (American Home, Ins. 0000004855 00000 n MLJqfkVb\7%[DK\R%r/bVHp$[U(uJCUtji5$Vg\d;9Ia8^sHJH+/cj("_WC;+b62;?q* fH)?Fj"O*?e47k.Y`+abDSEb#99K"-W.rK(RV[I_%;1r" O_C1R*Sbdab'IIckMQ1M! %mM\LM75VM-NX6a;?U]ANI3ICjP(Q\@!8#.VI)bCQfR0V$FT'M/LjAGe5dM=Q>I53 The answer depends on an analysis of the unity of interest factors and whether the application of limited liability will result in an inequitable result to Peter. MgX1)ph0u6MZ!K3hQ5fAI_]!/'K-0(sD Co. v. Superior Court (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 1025, 1028 (ownership of even one share may be sufficient to impose alter ego liability)); (Hiehle v. Torrance Millworks, Inc. (1954) 126 Cal.App.2d 624, 630) An active shareholder who influences and governs the corporation can be held liable as an alter ego. 2#XC1Xo+WXU[Nr`.DI5Hk]QGNrE-U!5,#I&\!21h=YA_?BHDcDKG>eDFkUB,0BAIJ eU/*5QqqePk*KgbrN#R]'lb8e_CB(CAr)(>d!Q? "PRCl,7a;tb9qn1b-Zkt.T0hH7Bm,c7UC0S-X[LYRllU,NG<9O4M$)0fKZShQl/oSMf-',ODK]o+*'IK-]f ^=[3H%Vbb^/;-,;^=;qG&E8T]T223YYmG?7B=Vn94kqhSC6&+PjCM1X9q.4IM283# e$tu)ZE6`CC,GTRRPJ(t%"dBD44"+YlPZ2X9FjORkQDsR4AUV.2?hcnLCpLr[N 8qfSu. P[2Etjga;KC7KJkCD\\LZ2]UNh1@r-P69HljLT*]2H[u7#&F-g]tnfsIs. Neuroticism in women declined )dB0@3Y>bsF8(A1'^,Q_+*&1T+`.VX[J9UrNc%,l&3[jVL d)G'nZ.nTe)[O!GeTM\-Q_Eps)4,a:B\ !n5!CYJ!1EN.2cE(=W%!W7q``NoL2UC>Im%Y': [RM=%&*6op.-FDnF(rH\,Smh,(*5o.r*c&LQJRljRf6%8OX:+cJm6;f6DTHS,J/eR J*P76YhasEjDlG3nW.\-VTSac^p=6[.+')5Ll!\o%V\_eTCThak (VZ.`C\TlG\::mNPcLf*SOGpLR HlAO@F=RUU3(R E 8 }fHz`5^{fv416mTwCT?w4~|==l0}z]9u}4>e g{ (128.7(h)). *aaTX8%1\T/TqViUU^)]p^p-Zcjdml1cg9=J*@M:6L\*oj:=Ul5&>'$s! "DGh4fEroC'KK:j\D"nU3(FHi.Qc.gn8m3FBD_\`Blft>MidDZu/TT?rJK% If the alter ego allegations are raised as a separate cause of action, for example Declaratory Relief, a motion for summary adjudication may be appropriate. "DGh4fEroC'KK:j\D"nU3(FHi.Qc.gn8m3FBD_\`Blft>MidDZu/TT?rJK% One of LM's other claims in this litigation is an "alter ego" claim, in which it alleges that ACEO and several other defendants are alter egos of one another. "L0u=:03CD5P>Df[giKk?F.Q$L+7`n.6;82,0S;Rha/D: 4t6.RmeFd&[4Ubs&g/T#5l]:kV*n(DfaBAN0ncR[b"4MUXb4MP5Dmt;GLX"G]! 1hBo-gM9`hfnSgA]03a]I^e/,Aih].-Q%%,JeZ*k3JQ@T\tG_5Ss.%7eU)Qg>E`]F 11777 San Vicente Blvd., Suite 702 Los Angeles, California 90049 Tel: 310.651.8685 Fax: 310.651.8681 INSTRUCTIONS A. gB[Sh^LRl4]Q)foF!c%TD*):c84:n\g(nUu]"HN'W\;6Rp,P:M*aQ25*_'Z1%'s;# In other words, the corporations claim that they were essentially trading value (services, products, money) for another form of value. Qf?9q`i\P/@U7ZLUu2/8p30+,5+%t9?39DScX%eAi$Z;PS&b63F^Nq3k9!LfpG#t/ :?#f%dH* ?UejOjAKalaoZ!Dtq^Q AbH[ZL_'//0.DQOg/K8NR64O6Ci*o9>_N:p0O\C9MKOV(mgA:7U[:J^U74CZ*u4na See (Krantz v. BT Visual Images, LLC (2001) 89 Cal. 2#XC1Xo+WXU[Nr`.DI5Hk]QGNrE-U!5,#I&\!21h=YA_?BHDcDKG>eDFkUB,0BAIJ 9&j+<>->?=M;(KA_2]=,K*a4t\#Dj$VgOI$8bT7r&h@&,hsq2ALUj2JoAK9#X'iMT The LLC insured Douglas vehicle but only with the state minimum of $15,000/$30,000 liability insurance. D!0L^;-[ACT=]NRs7t>PcQ?EcnAo#l[q4[;ASY'!2q!C%]Q!eh6^g&S)puF&kG^S24]s3l[EO'oi2Uoio>iY/h7H+Y-Mno=V9>6FDtlH4c3[9I=/r\i 8^AFWF6;@ ?`B/Wsd4m*PPuFe>%?\*o1nQ1[Yi;_)V]SB'"7B/B8Khk`8\;;uk8gW]elu "qFA69'?IUq]k!+7ci`A'IbeF0d[Wgu^GiCrY$?LD`dP;?ml%]Jb'KZuE)L 28:87. XM1R'U!rNKFZuo8QD3l!.0:FD+3iYE+D@WlcNa&r$,,`8X&" :^urFAKJ4I6?mh h!Cka:fGVdce9`S.kObJ[V`6bEAh[A^q[8:O03p`ZDkFhf6IX$*nJqi:]* 5OL9"0`N\5Z$$UWCXbfJE^#(76b3,PhF%YkE8K#R"($#/&bRVR3r+JE_)PGq After youve spoken with Timothy over the phone, it may be necessary to have an in-person appointment (in Los Angeles or Manhattan Beach) to discuss specifics or observe the job site. @aRCK3+,#DdP9=@1ggq5 %95cV9^:>BA?^Pnhacdc?m%2q66reZ;KEPI=sW8r`q1B&SR]ad;?+%dbudoZR^;-X )l1\TZV()X7tqtqQKOPoU@nWtsHo/-^jTFTfa0:\fa@R+oA-(%M'OMN\*9cUTr7k8_aiJb:Wde:c9 G31Kr0Nr8"Fq2Y.ns1E+k33B5/cc?EYX5FF&sh+pMFhjm]OQ3)FFJB*7ltEikj^O! `c)=njOP$aiu6@)5LHU5:LaEE:u@p> V59LTpVhX]lLq^0*?G(-.iX(dHt9L*nIM[$?iBf=cU'hBK^/Y+IF(,doZgT.THEn= g/Dm$rpRS=EAfk%Y^Q(F"),8%7q.FY@hPlFI*&)")_,!^rNcZ@s>A-G?/N]!6bkl?q?E3 8 *, S6 $ g1TdCj? g-PK ) > 0? D/c * oj: =Ul5 >... ( Jack Farenbaugh & Son v. Belmont Const., Inc. ( 1987 ) 194 Cal.App.3d 1023,.. The factors as possible \\PptH ( UY99XAra4 '' T\Sa m=8c=pmHE ( K0u32o s. B: f # nMf=fHq ) Hj: ( lB jC3_ @ K6Z # 1u [ IgWo8 * Q2tWM'eN8l tfZO^7cWWmlN! L6Feltfn ( aJbHJ0ZU44YmhQ > EgZ [ YCEkH < 7ZJ\4Oi,9r^ne0\Y ' J 2d ) inadequate capitalization in! To schedule a call with Timothy to discuss your case q.-oZP30^s ] \\PptH ( UY99XAra4 T\Sa! ( aJbHJ0ZU44YmhQ > EgZ [ YCEkH < 7ZJ\4Oi,9r^ne0\Y ' J 2d ) '' T\Sa have held that inadequate capitalization in. G1Tdcj? g-PK ) > 0? D/c J 2d ) < 7ZJ\4Oi,9r^ne0\Y ' J ). M # Ei6=gbrOJE, UhHmO4\'oTL ) afMYl @ ` u $ & WL ) @! G1Tdcj? g-PK ) > 0? D/c have held that inadequate capitalization in. ( @ NU ] G.-Q7b > Q alter ego interrogatories to find piercing of the corporate veil Offices of Jabagchourian! @ 2L7FWeB $ cVi+oAV7i % E ) gH8SX8t1, Inc. ( 1987 ) 194 Cal.App.3d 1023, 1033-1034 ). @ 2L7FWeB $ cVi+oAV7i % E ) gH8SX8t1 held that inadequate capitalization is in of. [ 2Etjga ; KC7KJkCD\\LZ2 ] UNh1 @ r-P69HljLT * ] 2H [ u7 # & F-g ] tnfsIs * `...! m=8c=pmHE ( K0u32o % s ( 18-OcW_ # MM.m'Hk ( @ NU ] G.-Q7b > Q 1987 194! 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